Phytochemical analysis of Ocimum sanctum and Swertia chirayita, and antimicrobial properties of Ocimum sanctum against some bacterial strains isolated from poultry

Abstract

Ocimum sanctum (Tulsi) and Swertia chirayita (Chirota) are well known source of traditional medicine. The aims of the present study are to screening the phytochemical compounds and antimicrobial sensitivity of locally available Ocimum sanctum and Swertia chirayita ethanolic extracts. Tulshi and Chirota plants were collected from local market, Chattogram. Both O. sanctum and S. chirayita were submerged in 70% ethanol for a three different time schedules like 7 days, 14 days, and 21 days, respectively. Phyto-chemical screening were done to know the presence of secondary metabolites like alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, phenolic compounds, glycosides, carbohydrates, reducing sugar, protein and amino acid, acidic compound, phytosterol, steroids and terpenes. Three different concentrations of 0.2 mg/µL, 0.3 mg/µL, and 0.4 mg/µL ethanolic plant extracts of were treated against E. coli, Salmonella spp isolated from poultry and Staphylococcus aureus (ATTC -29213) as commercial strain. Of the studied phytochemicals, in Ocimum sanctum extracts, tannins and reducing sugar (day 7), tannins and acidic compound (day 14), and acidic compound (day 21) were absent. While in S. chirayita, saponins, phenolic compounds, glycosides, proteins, and amino acids, acidic compounds (day 7), acidic compounds (day 14), and phenolic and acidic compounds (day 21) of extracts were absent. Anti-microbial sensitivity of O. sanctum extracts at different concentrations was assessed while commercial antimicrobials disc (ciprofloxacin, amoxicillin, enrofloxacin, colistin, and sulfamethoxazole) were also assessed. O. sanctum extracts showed the highest zone of inhibition at 0.2 mg/µl of 14 days against E. coli (7-9 mm), Salmonella spp. (17-19 mm) Moreover, Staphylococcus aureus (14-15 mm) is similar to the intermediary zone sensitivity of ciprofloxacin, sulfamethoxazole, and amoxicillin. Within commercial antibiotics, ciprofloxacin, amoxicillin, enrofloxacin, and sulfamethoxazole were 100% sensitive, whereas colistin was 100% resistant. E. coli showed the highest percentage of sensitivity to antibiotics among other bacterial species included in this study, whereas Salmonella spp. had the lowest rate. In conclusion, we may say that 0.2 mg/ µL of O. sanctum extracts showed an intermediary zone of sensitivity against E. coli, Salmonella spp., and Staphylococcus aureus.