BJVAS publishes articles that emphasize research, development, and application within the fields of veterinary and animal sciences that include agriculture, fisheries, biology, medicine, veterinary medicine, livestock, basic sciences, applied sciences, and social sciences. All manuscripts are pre-reviewed by the editorial review committee. Contributions must be original, not previously or simultaneously published elsewhere, and are critically reviewed before they are published. Papers, which must be written in English, should have sound grammar and proper terminologies. Focus and Scope 1. Veterinary Science 2. Food Science 3. Fisheries 4. Animal Sciences 5. Nutrition 6. Biology 7. Others The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching, and research in the fields of Veterinary, Food Sciences, Fisheries, and Animal Biology.
Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University
Development and characterization of sugar-free therapeutic biscuits fortified with red kidney bean powder, potato flour and stevia
The rising prevalence of lifestyle-related diseases has increased demand for sugar-free, protein-enriched, and functional foods. This study developed sugar-free therapeutic biscuits formulated with red kidney bean (RKB) powder, potato flour, and stevia as a natural sweetener. A total of four formulations were prepared, including a control with 100% wheat flour and sugar, and three therapeutic formulations incorporating 5–10% red kidney bean powder and 10–20% potato flour, where stevia was used as a sugar substitute. Proximate analysis revealed that the formulated biscuits (S2–S4) had significantly higher protein (22.93– 23.48%) and ash content (2.45–2.72%) than the control (S1), along with increased dietary fiber (0.49–0.54%) and lower carbohydrate content (44.69–48.16%). Moisture and fat contents were not significantly different. Physical evaluation showed that RKB and potato flour incorporation increased biscuit weight and thickness but reduced diameter and spread ratio, resulting in denser structures. Sensory evaluation indicated that moderate substitution (S2) achieved comparable acceptability to the control, while higher substitution levels slightly reduced taste and appearance scores due to legume-associated flavors and darker color. Bioactive profiling demonstrated substantial enhancement of total phenolic content (0.33 to 3.24 mg GAE/100 g), total flavonoid content (37.60 to 50.72 mg QE/100 g), and antioxidant activity (1.70 to 3.32 µmol TE/100 g) with increasing RKBP and potato flour levels. These findings show that sugar-free therapeutic biscuits made with locally available legumes and tubers can offer a healthy option for diabetic and health-conscious people, while also promoting sustainability and supporting the development of functional bakery products that meet today’s nutritional needs.
Sugar-free biscuits, red kidney bean,potato flour, stevia, therapeutic bakery
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Concurrent manifestation of feline infectious peritonitis and feline panleukopenia virus infection in cat: A case study
Concurrent infection with Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP) and Feline PanleukopeniaVirus (FPV) is rare but clinically devastating. This case study was carried out on a 2.6-year-old unvaccinated male long-haired mixed breed cat weighing about 5.8 kg with the history of recurrent vomiting and minimally responsive of previous treatment at the Teaching and Training Pet Hospital and Research Center, Purbachal, Dhaka of Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University. The objective of the study was to assess the severity of clinical manifestations, evaluating the hemato-biochemical changes and observing the prognosis of co-morbidity. The cat presented with symptoms including vomiting, lethargy, anorexia, icterus, diarrhea and dehydration. Haematological analysis revealed marked neutrophilia, thrombocytopenia, and elevated packed cell volume (PCV). Serum biochemistry showed severe hyperbilirubinemia, increased hepatic enzymes, hyperglobulinemia, and a decreased albumin-to-globulin ratio. Imaging studies were largely unremarkable except medullary rim was found in kidney. Rapid test kits were positive for both FIP antibody and FPV antigen. Based on diagnosis, treatment was given with antiviral therapy (GS-441524) for FIP and supportive care for FPV, including intravenous fluids and antibiotics but the cat’s condition worsened, and the patient ultimately passed away within two days of treatment. This case highlights the complexities of diagnosing and managing concurrent viral infections in cats and stresses the importance of early detection, comprehensive care, and preventive measures in controlling the spread of these infections in veterinary practice.
Feline infectious peritonitis, Feline panleukopenia virus, Coinfection, Clinical management, Cat
Successful surgical management of diaphyseal radio-ulnar fracture in a goat using normograde intramedullary pinning and interfragmentary wiring: A case report
Fractures of the radius and ulna are among the most frequently reported long bone fractures in goats, especially in young and active animals. In most cases, such fractures are overriding in nature, and corrections are very difficult by external fixation method. Different techniques are used for correction of radius and ulnar fracture in goats. Mostly plating technique is used for radius and ulnar fracture management which is comparatively expensive. However, intramedullary pinning technique is less commonly used for radius and ulnar fracture correction. This case report describes the successful surgical management of radial–ulnar fracture in a 3-month-old, 14 kg, male castrated, Jamunapari goat. The case was referred to SAQ Teaching Veterinary Hospital with a history of non-weight bearing limping due to trauma. Clinical and radiographical examination revealed a closed complete, overriding, middiaphyseal radius and ulnar fracture. Based on diagnosis and availability of facilities, the decision was made to correct the fracture using the normograde intramedullary pinning (IMP) with interfragmentary wiring. The surgery was performed with diazepam and ketamine anaesthesia. A 3.0mm Steinmann pin and 22-gauze stainless steel wire were used for this technique. Post-operatively broad-spectrum antibiotic, antihistaminic, pain killer and modified Robert Jones bandage were used. The patient was evaluated clinically and radiographically. The goat demonstrated progressive clinical improvement, with gradual return to weight-bearing and radiographic evidence of callus formation at 30th postoperative day. The outcome indicates that intramedullary pinning with wiring provides sufficient stability against bending and rotational forces, resulting in uneventful recovery. This case highlights the clinical utility of intramedullary pinning and wiring as a practical and effective technique for managing diaphyseal radius–ulna fractures in goats. However, as this is a single case report, the findings cannot be generalized, and further controlled studies are required to validate this technique in larger populations of goats.
Goat, Radius–ulna, fracture, Normograde intramedullary pinning, Interfragmentary-wiring
Evaluation of cervical esophagotomy for the treatment of chronic perforating esophageal foreign body in a cat
Esophageal foreign bodies are an emergency medical condition encountered in small animal practice as it can cause mortality if not treated properly. Herein, we narrate an uncommon perforating esophageal foreign body at cervical region of esophagus as well as its diagnostic and treatment protocols along with postoperative complication. A 10 months old vaccinated male intact Persian cat was presented at Teaching & Training Pet Hospital and Research Center after 28 days of incidence with the chronic signs of weight loss, lack of appetite, dysphagia, regurgitation, retching, restlessness, ptyalism and swollen of left lateral throat area. On the basis of relevant clinical history and examination, a tentative diagnosis was made as foreign body ingestion. After completion of initial physical examination, a lateral view of cervical radiography was taken and a bony mass foreign body at the cervical region was confirmed. Forceps based retrieval was attempted but failed due to long lasting and site of lodgment of foreign body. The last option, cervical esophagotomy was performed under general anesthesia and found a sharp small part of fishbone already perforated the esophagus. Removal of the mummified fishbone was achieved successfully. The patient experienced an infection at operation site at 8th days of postoperative and recovered after treatment. Unfortunately, after 6th weeks of surgery, the catdied from unknown acute vomiting and respiratory distress. The study concluded that the early diagnosis and treatment and proper postoperative care is important for good results.
Esophageal; Foreign; Cat; Radiography; Fishbone; Esophagotomy; Infection.
Surgical management of a distal tibial fracture in a calf: A clinical case report
Distal tibial fractures in bovine calves are uncommon but can present significant challenges due to the weight-bearing nature of the limb. This case report describes the successful surgical management of a distal tibial fracture in a three-month-old calf. Diagnosis was confirmed through radiographic examination. The case was clinically managed by internal fixation using dynamic compression plate. Postoperative care including pain management, antibiotic therapy and restricted weightbearing facilitated uneventful healing. This report highlights the importance of early intervention and appropriate surgical techniques for achieving favorable outcomes in bovine orthopedic cases.
Surgical management, tibial fracture, calf
Surgical correction of feline mammary gland hyperplasia by unilateral mastectomy: A case report
Feline mammary gland hyperplasia (FMGH) is a common condition in intact female cats, characterized by the proliferation of mammary tissue, often driven by hormonal influences. Surgical intervention is often necessary when hyperplasia leads to discomfort, infection, or the risk of malignancy. This study aimed to evaluate the outcomes of unilateral mastectomy as a surgical treatment for FMGH in affected cats. Preoperative evaluations included physical examinations, imaging studies, and laboratory assessments. Unilateral mastectomy was performed to remove the affected mammary tissue. Postoperative complications were minimal, with minor infections successfully managed with antibiotic therapy. The cat was treated with ceftriaxone and meloxicam and was closely monitored for any postoperative issues. The patient demonstrated significant improvement with no recurrence observed during a six-month follow-up period. Unilateral mastectomy appears to be an effective and reliable surgical option for managing FMGH in cats, with a high success rate and low complication risk. Further research is recommended to evaluate long-term outcomes and recurrence rates.
Feline mammary gland hyperplasia, unilateral mastectomy, cat
Libido in breeding bulls: interplay of genetic inheritance, physiological mechanisms, plane of nutrition, and environmental stressors
Libido, a critical determinant of reproductive success in bulls, is influenced by a multifactorial interplay of physiological, genetic, nutritional, and environmental factors. Understanding these influences is important for improving breeding efficiency and ensuring sustainable livestock productivity. This review explores the physiological aspects, like hormonal regulation, age, body condition, and reproductive health, that govern libido in bulls. Genetic factors, including breed variation, inheritance patterns, and the impact of reproductive traits, are analyzed to elucidate the heritable aspects of sexual behavior. The nutritional status of bulls, encompassing dietary energy, protein intake, mineral and vitamin balance, is discussed in relation to reproductive drive and overall health. Additionally, environmental factors, i.e., thermal stress, housing conditions, and social dynamics are examined for their role in modulating libido. Management practices, including training, handling, and reproductive planning, are also reviewed, highlighting strategies to optimize reproductive performance. By synthesizing current knowledge, this review identifies critical research gaps and provides practical recommendations for enhancing libido of bull through integrated management approaches. The implications of these factors on farm productivity and breeding programs are discussed, emphasizing the need for a holistic strategy to address the complexities of bull libido for improving reproductive outcomes. Implementation of focused strategies in health management, nutritional refinement, and handling protocols may help producers establish conditions conducive to healthy libido of the breeding bulls
Age, breed, environmental variation, genetic influence, libido
The potential resurgence of Dengue Virus-4: A novel epidemiological pattern and altered symptomatology in Bangladesh
Dengue fever is a viral illness spread by infected Aedes mosquitoes and originates from one of five dengue virus serotypes (DENV 1-5). Recently, the epidemiology of DENV has become a major concern worldwide. DENV can be prevalent in both urban and semi-urban areas across the tropical and sub-tropical continents, and over half of the global population is at risk of contracting dengue fever. Bangladesh has experienced a significant rise in reported cases of endemic dengue in recent years. Specifically, notable increases were observed in 2018, 2019, 2021, 2022, and 2023. Alongside, there was also a higher number of fatalities reported in these regimes. During July 2025, there was a sharp increase in the prevalence of denguerelated infections and associated mortality. Specifically, a cumulative number of 6,099 infected cases, with a corresponding fatality rate of 61. This severe and potentially fatal case of dengue suggested the possible reemergence of DENV-4 in Bangladesh. Also, the resurgence and predominance of the DENV-4 serotype this year may explain the development of atypical symptomatology. Also, the rise in dengue cases in the country could be associated with an alteration in the biting behaviors of mosquitoes carrying the virus. However, the control of DENV infection remains a significant challenge due to the lack of effective vaccines for all serotypes of DENV. In light of the ongoing situation, the government is faced with the necessity of implementing measures by the preventive guidelines established by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the World Health Organization (WHO).
DENV-4, Altered symptomatology, Nocturnal biting, Bangladesh
Predicting goat body weight using morphometric measurements: A regression approach
The study was conducted local farms in Pabna district, Bangladesh, to develop an accurate regression-based model for predicting goat body weight. A total of 49 castrated male goats from four available breeds were measured to assess the relationship between live body weight and various body dimensions. The objective was to identify the most reliable body measurements for predicting live weight and to formulate both simple and multivariate regression models suitable for field use. Body weight was recorded using a digital weighing scale, and 13 morphometric traits, including Forehead Diameter, Muzzle Length, Neck Length, Neck Diameter, Heart Girth Diameter, Point of Shoulder to Knee length, Knee to Metacarpal length, Hip Bone to Hock Joint length, Hock joint to Metatarsal length, Wither Height, Rump Height, Hook to Hook length, Pinto Pin length were collected. Simple linear regression was performed for each trait, followed by multivariate regression to determine the best-fitting prediction equations. Among all measurements, wither height, rump height (R2 = 0.97), and point of shoulder to knee length (R2 = 0.94) showed the strongest individual relationships with body weight. A full multivariate model using all traits achieved an adjusted R2 of 0.98, while a simplified model using only the three best predictors produced an adjusted R2 of 0.98, making it more practical for field conditions. The study concluded that live body weight of goats can be accurately estimated using selected morphometric traits, particularly wither height, rump height, and length from point of shoulder to knee length, offering reliable alternative of weighing scales in traditional livestock markets.
Goat production, live weight, linear regression, phenotypic characteristics, Livestock
Comparative evaluation of egg quality characteristics of three commercial layer strains in Chattogram, Bangladesh
The study was undertaken to assess the comparative egg quality parameters of three different commercial layer strains (Hisex brown, Hisex white & ISA brown) such as Farm1(F1, Hisex brown), Farm2 (F2, Hisex white), and Farm 3(F3, ISA brown), located in the different areas of Chattogram, Bangladesh. Layer farms were selected randomly depending on the number of criteria from the same locality during the month of January to March 2024. A total of 300 egg samples were collected randomly from 3 different commercial layer strains during the study period to assess the egg quality traits or parameters. Farms or strains were regarded as treatment; each treatment replicated ten times and ten eggs per replicate. All the birds were reared in battery cages fed with ready-made feeds under standard management and housing condition. Data revealed that the egg quality parameters such as egg weight, shell weight, shell percentage, albumen weight, albumen weight percentage and yolk weight percentage) were significantly (P<0.05; P<0.01) influenced by treatment except for yolk weight. The Haugh Unit (H.U) score and albumen index were significantly (P<0.05; P<0.01) influenced by treatment without showing any differences in shape index and yolk index. Only albumen height differed significantly except for other parameters (e.g egg width, egg length, albumen length, yolk height and yolk length), were measured in this study. It is clear from the result that the significantly highest egg weight, shell weight, albumen weight, yolk weight percentage, albumen height (6.05 mm), albumen index, and H.U score were found in the F3 compared to other farms (F2 and F1) in this study. So it can be inferred that, ISA brown (F3) egg quality appears to be comparatively better than that of other strains, as most of the egg quality characters go in favour of this strain (F3) on the basis of the quality evaluation measured in this study under commercial farming condition.
Egg quality parameters, commercial layer strains, comparative performance, layer farm, Chattogram, Bangladesh
Risk assessment of arsenic exposure from commercially available rice, vegetables, and fish in Brahmanbaria, Bangladesh
Arsenic contamination in staple foods is a major public health concern in Bangladesh. This study aimed to comprehensively assess dietary arsenic exposure through commercially available rice, vegetables, and fish collected from local markets in Brahmanbaria District, Bangladesh. Market-based purposive sampling was employed to collect 20 rice, 48 vegetable, and 20 fish samples from multiple vendor stalls across local markets. Samples were analyzed for total arsenic content using HG-AAS. Statistical analyses were performed in R software (version 4.5.1), where mean ± SE was calculated using the descriptive statistics function. Health risks were evaluated through Target Hazard Quotient (THQ) analysis. Arsenic concentrations in rice ranged from 0.047 ± 0.010 mg/kg (Bayek) to 0.112 ± 0.022 mg/kg (Sultanpur), with the highest levels in Sultanpur, Gopinathpur, and Mulogram. Vegetables varied from 0.032 ± 0.004 mg/kg (tomato, Mogra) to 0.823 ± 0.149 mg/kg (amaranth, Gopinathpur), often exceeding the FAO/WHO limit of 0.1 mg/kg, particularly in leafy greens. Fish levels ranged from 0.054 ± 0.014 mg/kg (Mogra) to 0.410 ± 0.095 mg/kg (Gopinathpur), with several above the 0.1 mg/kg guideline. THQ analysis indicated rice posed the greatest chronic risk (THQ > 1), followed by vegetables, with fish contributing a smaller but notable hazard. The co-occurrence of elevated arsenic in staple foods indicates cumulative dietary exposure risks. Key limitations include moderate sample size and absence of speciation analysis. Future studies should address speciation, biomonitoring, and broader spatiotemporal sampling to refine exposure estimates. This study provides baseline data to guide food safety surveillance and public health interventions in arsenicaffected regions.
Arsenic contamination, Dietary exposure, Commonly consumed foods, Target Hazard Quotient (THQ), Food safety
Cat vaccination in Bangladesh: different aspects and owners’ attitudes to vaccination
This study surveyed cat owners in Bangladesh to evaluate vaccination coverage and owner attitudes toward cat vaccination. Data were collected via a survey conducted both in person at veterinary hospitals, university campus area and through an online questionnaire. Out of 1,025 responses, 843 valid questionnaires were analyzed. Although 89% of owners recognized their cats’ susceptibility to infectious disease, only 54% reported their cats were vaccinated. The study identified major obstacles to vaccination, including high cost, long travel times, transportation difficulties, inconvenient clinic hours, and long waiting times. These barriers contribute to inadequate protection against disease. Enhancing owner awareness and improving vaccine availability and affordability are crucial to increase vaccination coverage and better protect Bangladesh’s cat population from common infectious diseases.
Feline immunization, infectious diseases, vaccination coverage,owner attitudes, Bangladesh,pet health
Influence of probiotic on productive and reproductive traits of Indigenous Naked Neck chicken
This study aimed to evaluate the productive and reproductive performance of Indigenous Naked Neck (INN) chickens supplemented with probiotics (Clostridium butyricum and Lactobacillus plantarum). A total of 120 mature INN chickens (19 weeks old; 12 males and 108 females) were divided into four dietary treatment groups with three replicates each, consisting of one male and nine females per replicate. The groups were fed diets supplemented with 0 g/kg (control, T1), 2 g/kg (T2), 4 g/kg (T3), and 8 g/kg (T4) of probiotics. Parameters assessed included live weight at sexual maturity, age at first laying, egg production, egg quality, fertility and hatchability rates, embryonic mortality, and weights of eggs and day-old chicks (DOCs). Results indicated that live weight at sexual maturity averaged 1820 g for males and 1200 g for females, with an average age at first laying of 20.43 weeks. Birds in the T4 group achieved the highest egg production (21 eggs per hen per clutch), significantly outperforming the control group (12 eggs per hen per clutch). Fertility and hatchability rates were 78.57% and 51.28%, respectively, while early and late embryonic mortality rates were 5.45% and 5.54%.Cost-benefit analysis indicated economic advantages with higher probiotic supplementation. The average egg weight was 38.29 g, and DOC weight was 18.0 g. These findings highlight the significant (P<0.05) potential of probiotics in enhancing INN chicken productivity, particularly in egg production and growth, without adversely affecting reproductive traits or egg quality.
Egg production, fertility, hatchability, Indigenous Naked Neck chickens, probiotics
Development of fermented beverage from whey and kinnow juice
The dairy sector generates large quantities of whey as a residual byproduct, which poses environmental challenges due to its elevated organic content. Converting this nutrient-rich effluent into functional beverages represents an eco-conscious strategy for resource valorization. This investigation focused on formulating a probiotic beverage by integrating whey with kinnow (Citrus reticulata) juice, a citrus fruit recognized for its high concentrations of vitamin C and essential micronutrients. The aim was to develop a fermented functional drink and systematically evaluate its physicochemical attributes, sensory appeal, microbial integrity, and storage performance. Six distinct formulations (T0, T1, T2, T3, T4, T5) were produced using varying proportions of whey and kinnow juice, with T0 (100% whey) designated as the control. Each blend was inoculated with Lactobacillus acidophilus at 1% (v/v) and subjected to fermentation at 37°C for a duration of 5 hours. Sensory analysis was carried out by a panel of 10 individuals using a 5-point hedonic scale. Among the treatments, T2 (70% whey, 30% kinnow juice) achieved the highest acceptance scores, including 4.23 for taste, 4.05 for flavor, 3.98 for appearance, 3.86 for sweetness, and 4.02 for overall preference. This formulation was characterized by 0.20% fat, 2.29% protein, 390 mg/100 ml glucose, and 44.23 mg/100 ml ascorbic acid. The initial pH and titratable acidity were measured at 4.43 and 0.57%, respectively. Over 21 days of storage at 4 ± 1°C, pH decreased to 4.29 while acidity rose to 0.73%. Total viable counts remained above 10⁶ CFU/ml, indicating stable microbial levels during the study period. These findings confirm the feasibility of T2 as a nutritionally beneficial and environmentally sustainable probiotic beverage derived from dairy by-products.
Fermented beverage, kinnow, sensory characteristics, whey
Household dietary diversity highly associated with socioeconomic status and livestock rearing practices: a cross-sectional study
Household dietary diversity (HDD) allied with nutrient adequacy and thus drawn significant attention. The previous investigations on determinants of HDD in Bangladesh are scare and showed inconsistent results. The purpose of the study was to determine the prevalence and factors of HDD in Bangladeshi rural households. A community-based cross-sectional survey was conducted in selected areas in Bangladesh. A total of 307 participants interviewed through a questionnaire survey. The HDD score derived from a 24-h recall of food intake of 12 food group. The nonparametric tests and multiple logistic regression model applied to know the association between HDD and other covariates. The mean HDD score was 7.20 (SD 1.20). The prevalence of low, medium and high HDD scores was 2.6%, 32.6%, and 64.8% respectively. Family income, nutritional knowledge, and maternal BMI were associated with HDD. People with lower income (OR: 0.24; CI: 0.141, 0.412) and less nutrition awareness (OR: 0.08; CI: 0.016, 0.343) had lower HDD scores. The HDD score was lower (OR: 0.54; CI: 0.193, 0.504) in underweight and higher (OR: 3.81; CI: 1.370, 10.576) in obese people than normal-weight people. HDD is still overlooked but a public health problem in Bangladesh. This study identified some key socioeconomic factors of HDD. More attention may be given on maternal nutritional knowledge targeting the low-income households to improve the HDD in the study area.
Rural households, dietary diversity, factors, livestock, Bangladesh
Evaluation of biochemical and hematological parameters and their correlation with the age and gender among COVID-19 patients in Chattogram
COVID-19, caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, has led to a global health crisis. Age and gender are known to influence disease severity and immune response in COVID-19, but data on their effects on routine blood markers remains underexplored, especially in Bangladesh. This study aimed to investigate how blood parameters (ESR, total and differential WBC counts, ferritin, D-dimer, ALT) differ by age and gender in Bangladeshi COVID-19 patients. This cross-sectional study included 351 qRT-PCR–confirmed COVID-19 patients from Chattogram, Bangladesh. Blood samples were analyzed for key hematological and biochemical parameters. All participants were informed about the study, and ethical guidelines were followed throughout. The average age of patients was 56.72 ± 0.89 years, with the majority aged between 50–64 years. All measured blood markers were elevated compared to standard reference ranges. Men had significantly higher ESR, total and differential WBC counts, and ferritin than Women (p<0.05). Patients aged ≥65 years showed significantly higher ESR, D-dimer, and ALT levels than younger patients. COVID-19 patients exhibit marked changes in routine blood tests, with higher inflammatory markers (ESR, Ferritin) and enzymes (ALT, D-dimer) in men and older patients. These results highlight the importance of considering age and gender in laboratory assessments. Clinically, these routine markers can aid risk stratification and monitoring, enabling clinicians to identify high-risk cases and tailor patient management accordingly.
COVID-19, hematological parameters, biochemical parameters, biomarkers, Age and gender aspects, Chattogram, Bangladesh.
Productive zone mapping of the Swandip Coast, Bay of Bengal: A geospatial analysis to suggest potential mariculture hotspots
Bangladesh has abundant marine resources in the Bay of Bengal but lacks comprehensive evaluations of hydrology and productivity. Geospatial technologies can direct sustainable management of marine resources and find productive hotspots. In order to suggest possible mariculture locations, this study concentrated on locating productive zones within a 7 km buffer surrounding Swandip Island of the Bay of Bengal. Three important hydrological indices were mapped using ArcGIS analysis of Landsat-8 data from July 2023 to July 2024: sea surface temperature (°C), turbidity (Nephelometric turbidity unit), and Ch-a concentration (mg/m³). The data underwent atmospheric and radiometric corrections before overlay analysis. The sea surface temperature ranged from 19.83 to 33.64°C. Findings showed that 50–60% of the eastern and northeastern sections had colder waters (19–24°C) and 30–40% had moderate temperatures (25–30°C). The concentrations of chlorophyll-a varied from 0.2 to 0.48 mg/m³, with the north and southwest having the highest concentration. Turbidity ranged from 0.0446 to 0.0808 NTU (Nephelometric Turbidity Unit). In 60–70% of the northern, western, and southwestern regions, there was considerable turbidity (0.070–0.0808 NTU). The productive zones were predominant from northwestern, western to southwestern regions and suggested for mariculture pursuits such as shellfish culture, cage culture of fish, and seaweed culture. The Bay of Bengal's sustainable economic exploitation of marine resources can be optimized with the help of these insightful findings and insights. The study recommends geospatial analysis and marine spatial planning of more marine productive areas.
Swandip island, Bay of Bengal, marine productivity, mariculture, geospatial planning
Effect of transport stress and pre-slaughter practices on the meat quality of cattle and buffalo
Pre-slaughter practices significantly affect the meat quality. The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of transport stress and pre-slaughter practices on the meat quality of cattle (beef) and buffalo (carabeef). A total of 20 meat samples (cattle: 10 and buffalo: 10) were collected from Firingi Bazar Slaughterhouse of Chattogram City Corporation, Chattogram, Bangladesh, along with the different animal information related to pre-slaughter resting at lairage, feeding, watering and fasting. The meat quality was measured based on moisture content, pH, water holding capacity (WHC), extract release volume (ERV), tyrosine value (TV) and total viable count (TVC).Results indicated that the transport duration did not affect the beef quality between the two groups (≤2 hours and >2 hours). However, significant variation (p<0.05) between the two groups was found in carabeef in terms of pH. Again, ERV and TVC values in beef varied significantly (p<0.05) for the difference in resting period between the two groups (≤12 hours and >12 hours), whereas all parameters of carabeef quality were not significantly different (p>0.05) between the groups. The feed withdrawal period (groups: ≤12 hours and >12 hours) and water withdrawal period (groups: ≤6 hours and >6 hours) did not affect the beef and carabeef quality (p>0.05). Overall, the study revealed that the transport duration in buffalo and the resting period in cattle affect the meat quality significantly. To ensure better meat quality the pre-slaughter management of the animals should be efficient.
Beef, carabeef, meat quality, preslaughter practices, transport stress
A review of animal welfare developments in Bangladesh
In developing countries, grasping the importance of animal welfare is still gradually emerging. In Bangladesh, animal welfare was first introduced to veterinary professionals at an International Scientific Conference of the Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University (CVASU) in 2006. The aims were to develop educational and research expertise and to improve awareness of animal welfare in academia, research and policy. This led CVASU to launch animal welfare in its mission statement along with inclusion of an animal welfare course in the curriculum. Students were encouraged to become animal welfare ambassadors promoting ethical veterinary practices. Other veterinary schools in Bangladesh came forward to initiate similar course. Bangladesh's legal system had a ―Cruelty to Animal Act, 1920‖, which had been barely functional. Fortunately, ―The Animal Welfare Act, 2019‖ has managed to modernize the previous law. The first collaborative animal welfare research and exchange program (2008) between CVASU and the Royal Veterinary College, UK focused on the welfare of food animals transported across borders. The goals aimed to enhance awareness and create research skills rationale on animal welfare in Bangladesh. Subsequent projects have also initiated later on to focus on on-farm welfare assessments of dairy animals and meat birds, mammalian slaughterhouses, meat birds during transport and at live markets, and welfare assessments of backyard goats. An applied project on the management of the free-roaming dog at CVASU and the surrounding area focused on neutering and mass vaccination against rabies. In summary, after only one decade of introduction, Bangladesh is trying to match the animal welfare with the developed nationsin terms of exerting due importance in Animal welfare.
Understanding the legal framework addressing livestock issues: A Bangladesh perspective
After independence, the economy of Bangladesh has started to move forward on the basis of its agricultural production in oppose to technical and mechanical perspective. One of the most important components of agriculture is rearing livestock. Obviously, the focal point of the economic growth puts light on production of crops including horticulture, livestock rearing, fisheries, forestry, etc. Besides a sufficient allocation of budget, a well-defined and well-structured legal frame work is indispensable to move further towards economic progression. Livestock is considered as a crucial component in respect of cultivation purpose as the agricultural production process, and post production activities are almost depended on livestock. As time goes on, dependency on agricultural production has been shifted on technology and the traditional household livestock rearing is now converted into commercial ‘Agro Farming’. Regrettably no significant initiatives were taken to set a legal framework to deal with various aspects of livestock until 2005. Since then a number of Acts have been passed for the protection of various aspects of livestock including food safety, health safety, welfare of livestock, slaughtering rules, and maintaining quality of meat. Apart from that few Acts have been passed to setup diverse regulatory bodies which are necessary for monitoring marketing policy and controlling the quality of dairy products. The present write up intends to focus on the existing legal framework for dealing with specific aspects of livestock protection like animal disease and health care, food safety, restrictions on slaughtering, and quality of meat, and animal welfare. Also, it covers the unspoken areas of livestock aspects which are in need to come within the orbit of legal protection. In addition, the paper suggests certain measures that will contribute for actual implementation of the existing law.
A case-report on surgical correction of congenital pervious urachus in calf
The most common congenital condition of urinary bladder is the pervious urachus in calf. Effective prompt treatment of this condition is crucial for preventing a number of complications. The purpose of this paper is to assess the efficacy of subcutaneous surgical method for managing pervious urachus in calf. A normal body condition four-day- old male calf weighing around 22 kg was presented at SAQ Teaching Veterinary Hospital, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Bangladesh, with a history of swelling at the umbilicus, which resembles a horn-like structure with dribbling of urine from the umbilicus. Based on the history and physical findings, a tentative diagnosis of previous urachus with omphalitis was made. It was decided to investigate the umbilical area surgically, with the aim of correcting the urachal anomaly and excising the external swollen structure of umbilicus. The surgery was planned by a subcutaneous method, which is a safe and minimally invasive surgical method. A 2 to 3 inches vertical skin incision was made lateral to the umbilicus. After careful dissection of the cord, the cord was ligated proximally and severed. The incision was closed according to incision layer by layer. The calf recovered fully without any post-operative complications within 14 days of surgery. This study may guide surgeons in selecting subcutaneous method of pervious urachus correction.
Surgical correction of the ocular squamous cell carcinoma in crossbred cattle: A case report
Bovine ocular squamous cell carcinoma, also known as "bovine cancer eye," is one of the most common tumors in cattle. It has a high rate of occurrence and causes great economic loss. Among many treatment protocols, radical surgery of tumor mass is viable and suitable treatment in benign cases. A three-year-old Holstein-Friesian crossbred cow was presented at SAQ Teaching Veterinary Hospital, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Bangladesh with complaints of a swollen mass on the right lower eyelid, lacrimation, and loss of appetite. Clinical examination revealed a cauliflower-like ulcerated mass protruding from the conjunctival margin of the lower eyelid including the third eyelid with normal vision having no corneal involvement. Based on clinical signs, it was tentatively diagnosed as an ocular squamous cell carcinoma. A surgical conjunctivectomy technique opted for immediate relief using sedation with xylazine hydrochloride (@0.01mg/kg body weight) followed by local anesthesia on standing condition. Histopathological examination revealed a dermic neoplastic growth characterized by the proliferation of invasive squamous cells arranged with a pseudo-cord appearance. Marbofloxacin 2mg/kg body weight for five days, flunixin meglumine 2.2 mg/kg body weight, and pheniramine maleate 1mg/kg body weight for three and seven days respectively were administered postoperatively. The owner was advised to use eye drops (Moxifloxacin) five drops on the affected eye three times daily for fifteen days. The patient's condition showed significant improvement with normal vision and no recurrence was observed for up to six months post-operatively. The aim of this report was to conclude that surgical excision of a squamous cell carcinoma at or near the eye or at other locations of the body appears to have a good prognosis.
An estimation of enteric methane emissions from cattle in Bangladesh
In Bangladesh, cattle are increasing day by day as not only unemployed people but also employed people are doing farming now-a-days. It is a matter of great concern for Bangladesh that effects of greenhouse gases also increasing gradually because some of greenhouse gases e.g., methane, carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide are also component of expiratory gases of cattle respiration. This studyestimatedthe enteric methane emission from cattle in Bangladesh. Inter-governmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) guidelines were followed in the whole study. As IPCC guidelines, Tier-1 and Tier-2 methods for the calculation of total methane emission from cattle were used. In calculation, the study has recorded the emission of methane from cattle using Tier-1 method based on emission factors provided by both IPCC-2006 (T1) and IPCC-2019 (T1a). It also showed the emission value by using Tier-2 system based on dry matter intake. Finally, the study compared our different calculated values for different IPCC provided emission factors and for different methods. After calculation, in 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019 and 2020-2021 total emission of methane from cattle using T1 method based on the emission factors provide by IPCC-2006 were 932.43, 938.08, 942.48, 947.15 and 1177.18gigagram respectively and based on emission factors provided by IPCC-2019 (T1a) total emission were 1348.93, 1357.10, 1364.08, 1371.52 and 1577.04gigagram respectively. Using Tier-2 method, total emission of methane in those years were 970.95, 976.51, 981.20, 986.19 and 1203.74gigagram respectively. IPCC 2019 (T1a) based cattle methane emissions appear to overestimate than the T1 and Tier 2 calculations, suggesting that Tier 2 method which is variable enriched than T1 should be adapted to estimate national cattle methane emissions.
Status and seasonal occurrence of birds in Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University campus, Bangladesh
Urbanization is altering the natural habitats of many wild animal species. However, some species seem to be adapting and now have flourishing populations within urban areas. To examine the capacity of these spaces to provide "habitat", bird surveys were conducted at Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University (CVASU) main campus in Chattogram, Bangladesh, from October 2022 to June 2023. The study analyzed the status and seasonal patterns of wild birds on the CVASU campus. In total, 39 bird species were documented at CVASU during the winter season. Of the identified species, House Crow, House Sparrow, Common Myna, Indian Pied Myna and Rock Pigeon were very common. The birds belonged to 11 orders, with 19 species in the Passeriformes order and the other 20 in non-Passeriformes orders. The study found that in the total bird population during winter, very common, common, uncommon and rare species made up 12.80%, 20.50%, 15.40% and 51.3% respectively. In spring and summer, 33 bird species were observed at the CVASU campus. Of these, 15 were passerines and the other 18 were non-passerines. The most prevalent species were House crow, House sparrow, Common myna, Indian pied myna, Red-vented bulbul, Oriental Magpie robin and Rock pigeon. In spring and summer, the percentages for very common, common, uncommon and rare species were 24.20%, 15.20%, 18.20% and 42.40% respectively. This study identified the bird species and their seasonal status at the CVASU main campus. The findings will assist in benchmarking relative abundance and accordingly conservation plans for visibly abundant birds of CVASU main campus in Chattogram.
An empirical study on factors affecting women's decision-making power within households in Bangladesh
The study represents the decision-making status of selected women within the households in Bangladesh who rear small ruminants. A total of 320 women-led small ruminant rearers were selected for this study from four districts in Bangladesh using multi-stage random sampling technique. The results represented that most of the women (63%) are middle aged (21-40 age group) and primary level educated. Majority of households earn in between Tk. 8000 to Tk.18000 monthly. The findings of the study also revealed that women participated moderately in different activities in their households. Multiple linear regression analysis shows that decision-making power in households is positively correlated with an increase in income, education, credit and training of the respondent, and the relationships are highly significant (P<0.01). The study concluded that more participation of women in decision-making process within family eventually empowered them in their family which in turn can further assist the society and for the country.
Evaluation of sperm kinetic parameters and performance of artificial insemination in turkey
The present study was conducted to investigate semen characteristics, sperm kinetics, and the comparative fertility performance of natural mating (NM) versus artificial insemination (AI) in indigenous turkeys. A total of four toms were used for semen collection and evaluation. Among them, two toms were assigned for performing NM and AI in a group of 20 hens (10 hens per group). Semen ejaculates were collected from the toms during 36 to 40 weeks of age and assessed for physical characteristics. A portion of the semen samples was analyzed to evaluate sperm kinetics using Computer-Assisted Semen Analysis (CASA), while the remaining fresh, undiluted pooled semen was deposited into the hens' vaginas within 30 minutes of collection. The results indicated significant differences (P<0.05) in semen volume, sperm concentration, and most sperm kinetics (e.g., total motility, progressive motility, curvilinear velocity, average path velocity, straight-line velocity, straightness, linearity, wobble, amplitude of lateral head displacement, and beat cross frequency) among the toms. Notably, two toms exhibited standard and superior semen quality and sperm kinetics. Fertility rates were significantly higher (P<0.05) in hens inseminated via AI (95.92%) compared to those bred through NM (74.84%). This study concluded that semen characteristics and sperm kinetics varied among individual toms. Furthermore, AI using semen from high-performing toms enhanced fertility outcomes without any adverse effects. These findings suggest that identifying toms with superior semen quality is critical for optimizing AI practices in turkey breeding.
Barium chlorideassay of urine: A cost-effective method for early diagnosis of pregnancy in cow
To reduce calving interval through an appropriate reproductive management program, the early detection of pregnancy at the 1st trimester is essential to enable the prompt re-insemination of non-gravid cows. We aimed to re-evaluate the efficacy of barium chloride assay to detect early pregnancy in cross-bred cows. Urine and blood samples were collected from 72 and 65 artificially inseminated cows, respectively. Pregnancy status at 1st(Day: 1-90)and 2nd(Day: 91-180)trimesters were compared using two different methods: a bariumchloride assay from urine samples and a progesterone enzyme linked immune sorbent assay (P4-ELISA) from blood samples, where rectal palpation was considered as gold-standard. We found that although the overall (combining both 1st and 2nd trimesters) true positive, negative predictive value (NPV) and accuracy of P4-ELISA was better, the barium chloride assay performed equally well as the P4-ELISA in terms of true positive percentage of pregnancy diagnosis (70.8% in barium chloride vs. 85.7% in P4-ELISA; P>0.05) at the 1st trimester. In addition, specificity of pregnancy diagnosis was higher inbarium chloride test than P4-ELISA at the 1sttrimester (100% in barium chloride vs. 66.7% in P4-ELISA). Therefore, barium chloride method could be a good choice under farm and field set up of early pregnancy diagnosis at the 1st trimester in cows.
Optimizing broiler production: A comprehensive study on the economic and biological effects of mahogany (Swieteniamacrophylla) and chalta (Dilleniaindica L.) leaf supplementation
The purpose of the study was to assess the dietary effects of dried Mahogany and Chalta leaves supplementation on growth performance, carcass characteristics, biochemical parameter and oxidative stability of meat in broiler. The study was conducted by a total of 96 unsexed Ross 308 day old chicks were distributed intofour dietary treatment groups: T1 = control (basal diet), T2 = (basal diet + 0.4% dried Mahogany leaves), T3 = (basal diet + 0.4% dried Chalta leaves) and T4 = (basal diet + 0.2% dried Mahogany and 0.2% dried Chalta mixed leaves). Each treatment also randomly sub-grouped into three replications having 8 birds in each in a completely randomized design. The results revealed that overall average daily gain (ADG) (P<0.05) and average daily feed intake (ADFI) (P<0.01) increased significantly in all treatment groups compared to the control. The overall FCR was decreased (P<0.05) significanlty in all treatment groups than control group. An increased HDL (P<0.05) level was observed while LDL, triglyceride and blood cholesterol level remain unchanged in treatment groups than the control. A significant higher CP content in T3, EE content in T4 while total ash content did not differ significantly (P>0.05). Carcass parameters including dressed weight and drumstick weight increased but heart weight decreased in treatments group compared to control group (P<0.05). Oxidative rancidity reduced (P<0.05) in all treatment groups. Better net profit was recorded in Mahogany and Chalta mixed leaves supplemented group than control. Finally, dried Mahogany and Chalta leaves increased ADG, serum HDL level, net profit and decreased FCR, and thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) of meat. Hence, dried Mahogany and Chalta leaves meal showed beneficial effects on broiler and can be used as a potential feed source in broiler.
Assessing the visitors’ attitude and the zoo animals’ behavior from Chattogram Zoo: A Bangladesh perspective
Zoos have become a popular biological facility to generate knowledge, skills, and expertise in conservation research and education, globally. However, the visitor’s attitude and behavior can affect the zoo animal’s behavior and welfare, as this issue has not attained due attention in Bangladesh. This study was conducted to understand the visitors’ behavior and its impact on three captive species; the Bengal Tiger, Spotted Deer, and Rhesus Monkey at Chattogram Zoo. In terms of the visitors’ interests, female and young visitors showed more interest in the animals; especially towards the deer and monkeys. Female visitors showed more desirable behavior to the animals than their male counterparts. Female and young visitors approached the cages more than the male and adult visitors. On the other hand, in all three studies animals, especially the tigers, showed positive behavior toward female visitors. Monkeys were more excited and curious than other animals toward the female visitors whereas the tigers showed dull behavior toward the male visitors. The illiterate visitors showed more interest in the monkey and deer cage and were happier than other classes of visitors after visiting the zoo. Tigers showed activeness and alertness to the adult and illiterate visitors. However, the most undesirable behavior toward animals was also shown by the illiterate class of visitors. These findings on visitors’ attitudes towards different zoo animals and the counter-reaction shown by animals will allow the national policymakers through their legislative guidelines towards common people to rethink what changes should be brought for a positive zoo environment.
Assessment of the quality of different brands of ghee available in Bangladesh
The present experiment was conducted to assess the quality of Gheefrom six different brands available in Bangladesh namely Brand1 (B1),Brand2 (B2), Brand3 (B3), Brand4 (B4), Brand5 (B5) and Brand6 (B6).The study was aimed to investigate the quality of ghee by comparingwith the standard of Bangladesh Standard and Testing Institution(BSTI). The Ghee samples were collected and analyzed to know themoisture (%), fat (%), acid value, free fatty acid (FFA), melting point,iodine value, saponification value, peroxide value, and identify types ofadulterants added such as vanaspati, sweet potato, mashed potato orother starches, old and rancid ghee, synthetic coloring matter, coal tardyes, animal fat - tallow or lard and waxes. The data revealed that allthe chemically analyzed values differed significantly (P<0.05) fromeach other of the brands. The moisture content was within the BSTIstandard. Significant variations (P<0.05) in fat, acid value, FFA,melting point, iodine value, saponification value, and peroxide valueamong different ghee brands were also found. The iodine value washigh in all other 5 brands, and low saponification values were detected between the samples. No starch, synthetic coloring matter, coal tar dyes,animal fat, or waxes were detected except for some rancidity in B2,which indicated that good sanitary measures were adopted during themanufacture of the supplied ghee samples. The results indicated that thesupplied ghee samples were not satisfactory in terms of BSTI standards,as B1 brand ghee contains a high melting point and peroxide value witha low iodine value. Therefore, all the brands should ensure their qualityproperly for the consumer.