BJVAS publishes articles that emphasize research, development, and application within the fields of veterinary and animal sciences that include agriculture, fisheries, biology, medicine, veterinary medicine, livestock, basic sciences, applied sciences, and social sciences. All manuscripts are pre-reviewed by the editorial review committee. Contributions must be original, not previously or simultaneously published elsewhere, and are critically reviewed before they are published. Papers, which must be written in English, should have sound grammar and proper terminologies. Focus and Scope 1. Veterinary Science 2. Food Science 3. Fisheries 4. Animal Sciences 5. Nutrition 6. Biology 7. Others The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching, and research in the fields of Veterinary, Food Sciences, Fisheries, and Animal Biology.
Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University
A review of animal welfare developments in Bangladesh
In developing countries, grasping the importance of animal welfare is still gradually emerging. In Bangladesh, animal welfare was first introduced to veterinary professionals at an International Scientific Conference of the Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University (CVASU) in 2006. The aims were to develop educational and research expertise and to improve awareness of animal welfare in academia, research and policy. This led CVASU to launch animal welfare in its mission statement along with inclusion of an animal welfare course in the curriculum. Students were encouraged to become animal welfare ambassadors promoting ethical veterinary practices. Other veterinary schools in Bangladesh came forward to initiate similar course. Bangladesh's legal system had a ―Cruelty to Animal Act, 1920‖, which had been barely functional. Fortunately, ―The Animal Welfare Act, 2019‖ has managed to modernize the previous law. The first collaborative animal welfare research and exchange program (2008) between CVASU and the Royal Veterinary College, UK focused on the welfare of food animals transported across borders. The goals aimed to enhance awareness and create research skills rationale on animal welfare in Bangladesh. Subsequent projects have also initiated later on to focus on on-farm welfare assessments of dairy animals and meat birds, mammalian slaughterhouses, meat birds during transport and at live markets, and welfare assessments of backyard goats. An applied project on the management of the free-roaming dog at CVASU and the surrounding area focused on neutering and mass vaccination against rabies. In summary, after only one decade of introduction, Bangladesh is trying to match the animal welfare with the developed nationsin terms of exerting due importance in Animal welfare.
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Understanding the legal framework addressing livestock issues: A Bangladesh perspective
After independence, the economy of Bangladesh has started to move forward on the basis of its agricultural production in oppose to technical and mechanical perspective. One of the most important components of agriculture is rearing livestock. Obviously, the focal point of the economic growth puts light on production of crops including horticulture, livestock rearing, fisheries, forestry, etc. Besides a sufficient allocation of budget, a well-defined and well-structured legal frame work is indispensable to move further towards economic progression. Livestock is considered as a crucial component in respect of cultivation purpose as the agricultural production process, and post production activities are almost depended on livestock. As time goes on, dependency on agricultural production has been shifted on technology and the traditional household livestock rearing is now converted into commercial ‘Agro Farming’. Regrettably no significant initiatives were taken to set a legal framework to deal with various aspects of livestock until 2005. Since then a number of Acts have been passed for the protection of various aspects of livestock including food safety, health safety, welfare of livestock, slaughtering rules, and maintaining quality of meat. Apart from that few Acts have been passed to setup diverse regulatory bodies which are necessary for monitoring marketing policy and controlling the quality of dairy products. The present write up intends to focus on the existing legal framework for dealing with specific aspects of livestock protection like animal disease and health care, food safety, restrictions on slaughtering, and quality of meat, and animal welfare. Also, it covers the unspoken areas of livestock aspects which are in need to come within the orbit of legal protection. In addition, the paper suggests certain measures that will contribute for actual implementation of the existing law.
A case-report on surgical correction of congenital pervious urachus in calf
The most common congenital condition of urinary bladder is the pervious urachus in calf. Effective prompt treatment of this condition is crucial for preventing a number of complications. The purpose of this paper is to assess the efficacy of subcutaneous surgical method for managing pervious urachus in calf. A normal body condition four-day- old male calf weighing around 22 kg was presented at SAQ Teaching Veterinary Hospital, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Bangladesh, with a history of swelling at the umbilicus, which resembles a horn-like structure with dribbling of urine from the umbilicus. Based on the history and physical findings, a tentative diagnosis of previous urachus with omphalitis was made. It was decided to investigate the umbilical area surgically, with the aim of correcting the urachal anomaly and excising the external swollen structure of umbilicus. The surgery was planned by a subcutaneous method, which is a safe and minimally invasive surgical method. A 2 to 3 inches vertical skin incision was made lateral to the umbilicus. After careful dissection of the cord, the cord was ligated proximally and severed. The incision was closed according to incision layer by layer. The calf recovered fully without any post-operative complications within 14 days of surgery. This study may guide surgeons in selecting subcutaneous method of pervious urachus correction.
Surgical correction of the ocular squamous cell carcinoma in crossbred cattle: A case report
Bovine ocular squamous cell carcinoma, also known as "bovine cancer eye," is one of the most common tumors in cattle. It has a high rate of occurrence and causes great economic loss. Among many treatment protocols, radical surgery of tumor mass is viable and suitable treatment in benign cases. A three-year-old Holstein-Friesian crossbred cow was presented at SAQ Teaching Veterinary Hospital, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Bangladesh with complaints of a swollen mass on the right lower eyelid, lacrimation, and loss of appetite. Clinical examination revealed a cauliflower-like ulcerated mass protruding from the conjunctival margin of the lower eyelid including the third eyelid with normal vision having no corneal involvement. Based on clinical signs, it was tentatively diagnosed as an ocular squamous cell carcinoma. A surgical conjunctivectomy technique opted for immediate relief using sedation with xylazine hydrochloride (@0.01mg/kg body weight) followed by local anesthesia on standing condition. Histopathological examination revealed a dermic neoplastic growth characterized by the proliferation of invasive squamous cells arranged with a pseudo-cord appearance. Marbofloxacin 2mg/kg body weight for five days, flunixin meglumine 2.2 mg/kg body weight, and pheniramine maleate 1mg/kg body weight for three and seven days respectively were administered postoperatively. The owner was advised to use eye drops (Moxifloxacin) five drops on the affected eye three times daily for fifteen days. The patient's condition showed significant improvement with normal vision and no recurrence was observed for up to six months post-operatively. The aim of this report was to conclude that surgical excision of a squamous cell carcinoma at or near the eye or at other locations of the body appears to have a good prognosis.
An estimation of enteric methane emissions from cattle in Bangladesh
In Bangladesh, cattle are increasing day by day as not only unemployed people but also employed people are doing farming now-a-days. It is a matter of great concern for Bangladesh that effects of greenhouse gases also increasing gradually because some of greenhouse gases e.g., methane, carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide are also component of expiratory gases of cattle respiration. This studyestimatedthe enteric methane emission from cattle in Bangladesh. Inter-governmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) guidelines were followed in the whole study. As IPCC guidelines, Tier-1 and Tier-2 methods for the calculation of total methane emission from cattle were used. In calculation, the study has recorded the emission of methane from cattle using Tier-1 method based on emission factors provided by both IPCC-2006 (T1) and IPCC-2019 (T1a). It also showed the emission value by using Tier-2 system based on dry matter intake. Finally, the study compared our different calculated values for different IPCC provided emission factors and for different methods. After calculation, in 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019 and 2020-2021 total emission of methane from cattle using T1 method based on the emission factors provide by IPCC-2006 were 932.43, 938.08, 942.48, 947.15 and 1177.18gigagram respectively and based on emission factors provided by IPCC-2019 (T1a) total emission were 1348.93, 1357.10, 1364.08, 1371.52 and 1577.04gigagram respectively. Using Tier-2 method, total emission of methane in those years were 970.95, 976.51, 981.20, 986.19 and 1203.74gigagram respectively. IPCC 2019 (T1a) based cattle methane emissions appear to overestimate than the T1 and Tier 2 calculations, suggesting that Tier 2 method which is variable enriched than T1 should be adapted to estimate national cattle methane emissions.
Status and seasonal occurrence of birds in Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University campus, Bangladesh
Urbanization is altering the natural habitats of many wild animal species. However, some species seem to be adapting and now have flourishing populations within urban areas. To examine the capacity of these spaces to provide "habitat", bird surveys were conducted at Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University (CVASU) main campus in Chattogram, Bangladesh, from October 2022 to June 2023. The study analyzed the status and seasonal patterns of wild birds on the CVASU campus. In total, 39 bird species were documented at CVASU during the winter season. Of the identified species, House Crow, House Sparrow, Common Myna, Indian Pied Myna and Rock Pigeon were very common. The birds belonged to 11 orders, with 19 species in the Passeriformes order and the other 20 in non-Passeriformes orders. The study found that in the total bird population during winter, very common, common, uncommon and rare species made up 12.80%, 20.50%, 15.40% and 51.3% respectively. In spring and summer, 33 bird species were observed at the CVASU campus. Of these, 15 were passerines and the other 18 were non-passerines. The most prevalent species were House crow, House sparrow, Common myna, Indian pied myna, Red-vented bulbul, Oriental Magpie robin and Rock pigeon. In spring and summer, the percentages for very common, common, uncommon and rare species were 24.20%, 15.20%, 18.20% and 42.40% respectively. This study identified the bird species and their seasonal status at the CVASU main campus. The findings will assist in benchmarking relative abundance and accordingly conservation plans for visibly abundant birds of CVASU main campus in Chattogram.
An empirical study on factors affecting women's decision-making power within households in Bangladesh
The study represents the decision-making status of selected women within the households in Bangladesh who rear small ruminants. A total of 320 women-led small ruminant rearers were selected for this study from four districts in Bangladesh using multi-stage random sampling technique. The results represented that most of the women (63%) are middle aged (21-40 age group) and primary level educated. Majority of households earn in between Tk. 8000 to Tk.18000 monthly. The findings of the study also revealed that women participated moderately in different activities in their households. Multiple linear regression analysis shows that decision-making power in households is positively correlated with an increase in income, education, credit and training of the respondent, and the relationships are highly significant (P<0.01). The study concluded that more participation of women in decision-making process within family eventually empowered them in their family which in turn can further assist the society and for the country.
Evaluation of sperm kinetic parameters and performance of artificial insemination in turkey
The present study was conducted to investigate semen characteristics, sperm kinetics, and the comparative fertility performance of natural mating (NM) versus artificial insemination (AI) in indigenous turkeys. A total of four toms were used for semen collection and evaluation. Among them, two toms were assigned for performing NM and AI in a group of 20 hens (10 hens per group). Semen ejaculates were collected from the toms during 36 to 40 weeks of age and assessed for physical characteristics. A portion of the semen samples was analyzed to evaluate sperm kinetics using Computer-Assisted Semen Analysis (CASA), while the remaining fresh, undiluted pooled semen was deposited into the hens' vaginas within 30 minutes of collection. The results indicated significant differences (P<0.05) in semen volume, sperm concentration, and most sperm kinetics (e.g., total motility, progressive motility, curvilinear velocity, average path velocity, straight-line velocity, straightness, linearity, wobble, amplitude of lateral head displacement, and beat cross frequency) among the toms. Notably, two toms exhibited standard and superior semen quality and sperm kinetics. Fertility rates were significantly higher (P<0.05) in hens inseminated via AI (95.92%) compared to those bred through NM (74.84%). This study concluded that semen characteristics and sperm kinetics varied among individual toms. Furthermore, AI using semen from high-performing toms enhanced fertility outcomes without any adverse effects. These findings suggest that identifying toms with superior semen quality is critical for optimizing AI practices in turkey breeding.
Barium chlorideassay of urine: A cost-effective method for early diagnosis of pregnancy in cow
To reduce calving interval through an appropriate reproductive management program, the early detection of pregnancy at the 1st trimester is essential to enable the prompt re-insemination of non-gravid cows. We aimed to re-evaluate the efficacy of barium chloride assay to detect early pregnancy in cross-bred cows. Urine and blood samples were collected from 72 and 65 artificially inseminated cows, respectively. Pregnancy status at 1st(Day: 1-90)and 2nd(Day: 91-180)trimesters were compared using two different methods: a bariumchloride assay from urine samples and a progesterone enzyme linked immune sorbent assay (P4-ELISA) from blood samples, where rectal palpation was considered as gold-standard. We found that although the overall (combining both 1st and 2nd trimesters) true positive, negative predictive value (NPV) and accuracy of P4-ELISA was better, the barium chloride assay performed equally well as the P4-ELISA in terms of true positive percentage of pregnancy diagnosis (70.8% in barium chloride vs. 85.7% in P4-ELISA; P>0.05) at the 1st trimester. In addition, specificity of pregnancy diagnosis was higher inbarium chloride test than P4-ELISA at the 1sttrimester (100% in barium chloride vs. 66.7% in P4-ELISA). Therefore, barium chloride method could be a good choice under farm and field set up of early pregnancy diagnosis at the 1st trimester in cows.
Optimizing broiler production: A comprehensive study on the economic and biological effects of mahogany (Swieteniamacrophylla) and chalta (Dilleniaindica L.) leaf supplementation
The purpose of the study was to assess the dietary effects of dried Mahogany and Chalta leaves supplementation on growth performance, carcass characteristics, biochemical parameter and oxidative stability of meat in broiler. The study was conducted by a total of 96 unsexed Ross 308 day old chicks were distributed intofour dietary treatment groups: T1 = control (basal diet), T2 = (basal diet + 0.4% dried Mahogany leaves), T3 = (basal diet + 0.4% dried Chalta leaves) and T4 = (basal diet + 0.2% dried Mahogany and 0.2% dried Chalta mixed leaves). Each treatment also randomly sub-grouped into three replications having 8 birds in each in a completely randomized design. The results revealed that overall average daily gain (ADG) (P<0.05) and average daily feed intake (ADFI) (P<0.01) increased significantly in all treatment groups compared to the control. The overall FCR was decreased (P<0.05) significanlty in all treatment groups than control group. An increased HDL (P<0.05) level was observed while LDL, triglyceride and blood cholesterol level remain unchanged in treatment groups than the control. A significant higher CP content in T3, EE content in T4 while total ash content did not differ significantly (P>0.05). Carcass parameters including dressed weight and drumstick weight increased but heart weight decreased in treatments group compared to control group (P<0.05). Oxidative rancidity reduced (P<0.05) in all treatment groups. Better net profit was recorded in Mahogany and Chalta mixed leaves supplemented group than control. Finally, dried Mahogany and Chalta leaves increased ADG, serum HDL level, net profit and decreased FCR, and thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) of meat. Hence, dried Mahogany and Chalta leaves meal showed beneficial effects on broiler and can be used as a potential feed source in broiler.
Assessing the visitors’ attitude and the zoo animals’ behavior from Chattogram Zoo: A Bangladesh perspective
Zoos have become a popular biological facility to generate knowledge, skills, and expertise in conservation research and education, globally. However, the visitor’s attitude and behavior can affect the zoo animal’s behavior and welfare, as this issue has not attained due attention in Bangladesh. This study was conducted to understand the visitors’ behavior and its impact on three captive species; the Bengal Tiger, Spotted Deer, and Rhesus Monkey at Chattogram Zoo. In terms of the visitors’ interests, female and young visitors showed more interest in the animals; especially towards the deer and monkeys. Female visitors showed more desirable behavior to the animals than their male counterparts. Female and young visitors approached the cages more than the male and adult visitors. On the other hand, in all three studies animals, especially the tigers, showed positive behavior toward female visitors. Monkeys were more excited and curious than other animals toward the female visitors whereas the tigers showed dull behavior toward the male visitors. The illiterate visitors showed more interest in the monkey and deer cage and were happier than other classes of visitors after visiting the zoo. Tigers showed activeness and alertness to the adult and illiterate visitors. However, the most undesirable behavior toward animals was also shown by the illiterate class of visitors. These findings on visitors’ attitudes towards different zoo animals and the counter-reaction shown by animals will allow the national policymakers through their legislative guidelines towards common people to rethink what changes should be brought for a positive zoo environment.
Assessment of the quality of different brands of ghee available in Bangladesh
The present experiment was conducted to assess the quality of Gheefrom six different brands available in Bangladesh namely Brand1 (B1),Brand2 (B2), Brand3 (B3), Brand4 (B4), Brand5 (B5) and Brand6 (B6).The study was aimed to investigate the quality of ghee by comparingwith the standard of Bangladesh Standard and Testing Institution(BSTI). The Ghee samples were collected and analyzed to know themoisture (%), fat (%), acid value, free fatty acid (FFA), melting point,iodine value, saponification value, peroxide value, and identify types ofadulterants added such as vanaspati, sweet potato, mashed potato orother starches, old and rancid ghee, synthetic coloring matter, coal tardyes, animal fat - tallow or lard and waxes. The data revealed that allthe chemically analyzed values differed significantly (P<0.05) fromeach other of the brands. The moisture content was within the BSTIstandard. Significant variations (P<0.05) in fat, acid value, FFA,melting point, iodine value, saponification value, and peroxide valueamong different ghee brands were also found. The iodine value washigh in all other 5 brands, and low saponification values were detected between the samples. No starch, synthetic coloring matter, coal tar dyes,animal fat, or waxes were detected except for some rancidity in B2,which indicated that good sanitary measures were adopted during themanufacture of the supplied ghee samples. The results indicated that thesupplied ghee samples were not satisfactory in terms of BSTI standards,as B1 brand ghee contains a high melting point and peroxide value witha low iodine value. Therefore, all the brands should ensure their qualityproperly for the consumer.
Semen quality and sperm biokinetic parameters of Red Junglefowl (Gallus gallus) available in Bangladesh
The present study was conducted to assess the semen quality and sperm biokinetic parameters of Red Junglefowl (RJF) available in Bangladesh. A total of 12 RJF cocks were primarily selected and trained, and finally, 6 cocks were proven suitable for semen collection. Experimental birds were maintained under captive conditions with similar and uniform management. Semen was collected twice a week by the dorso-abdominal massage method and used for the evaluation of pH and concentration of ejaculated fresh semen. Total motility, progressive motility and biokinetic parameters such as curvilinear velocity (VCL), average path velocity (VAP), straight-line velocity (VSL), linearity (LIN), straightness (STR), wobble (WOB), amplitude of lateral head displacement (ALH) and beat cross frequency (BCF) were analyzed by a Computer Assisted Semen Analyzer (CASA). Average volume, pH and sperm concentration of the ejaculated semen of six (6) different proven cocks ranged from 0.35–0.50 ml, 7.0–7.22 and 1.70–3.50 ×109/ml, respectively. Total motility and progressive motility were 91–99% and 57–62%, respectively. Among the sperm biokinetic parameters, the highest VCL, VAP, VSL, and STR were 105.50 μm/sec, 68.24 μm/sec, 29.23 μm/sec and 58.77%, respectively. The results of the present study revealed that the quality of semen varies from cock to cock but the average results showed that almost all of the cocks produced good quality semen with standard total motility, progressive motility and biokinetic parameters. Thus, it may be concluded that RJF semen can be collected effectively by abdominal massage method which yields reasonable production in terms of quality and quantity for semen storage and may therefore be used for artificial insemination to increase their population.
Clinical management of fetal maceration in doe- A case report
A 2.5 years old Jamunapari cross-bred doe was brought to a veterinary hospital in Bangladesh with complaints of prolonged gestation (183 days) and a history of profuse bloody discharge at 150 days of gestation. On clinical examination, the cervix of the doe was found partially dilated. Both trans-abdominal ultrasonography and X-ray were performed to diagnose the condition and revealed a macerated fetus in the uterus. The animal was primarily attempted with medicine to abort the dead fetus without success. The case therefore alternatively successfully managed using laparo-hysterotomy with post-operative care. Techniques used in this study can be recommended to diagnose and treat goat patients having macerated fetus under clinical conditions.
Adaptive alternative income generating activities by the small-scale fishing communities along the southeast coast of Bangladesh during fishing bans and COVID-19 pandemic
Seasonal closure of fishing severely impacts the livelihoods of small-scale fishermen, compounded by COVID-19, driving them to adopt diverse alternative income-generating activities (AIGAs) which are of great interest to the fisheries managers. This study assessed the impacts of COVID-19 and fishing bans on the livelihood of four coastal fishing communities in southeast Bangladesh, focusing on their diverse options for AIGAs. Eighty fishermen, twenty from each location, were interviewed through structured and semi-structured questionnaires, and Focus Group Discussions. The study revealed that sea fishing, a labor-intensive occupation, was predominantly performed by middle-aged fishermen who are mostly illiterate and have poor livelihoods. The highest catch/trip was recorded in Nunier Chara due to their partial involvement in commercial fishing. During COVID-19, fishing and loans from local money lender were the primary livelihood sources, trapping fishers in a debt cycle. One-third of fishers were jobless during fishing bans with some engaged in illegal, unreported, and unregulated fishing. Daily income was reduced by >65% during COVID-19 and >16% post-COVID. Fishermen alleged that government support was negligible during COVID-19 and inadequate during fishing bans with some anomalies in subsidy distribution by local leaders. AIGAs, particularly laboring and small businesses were vital. Though not directly involved in fishing, women significantly contribute to the coastal livelihood through AIGAs such as post-harvest processing, bivalve collection, seaweed culture, and small-scale household production. A co-management strategy involving adult education, skilled manpower development, financial support for promising small-scale AIGAs, low-interest loans, women empowerment, and inclusion of local fishermen in management decisions and implementations are potential remedies.
Phytochemical analysis of Ocimum sanctum and Swertia chirayita, and antimicrobial properties of Ocimum sanctum against some bacterial strains isolated from poultry
Ocimum sanctum (Tulsi) and Swertia chirayita (Chirota) are well known source of traditional medicine. The aims of the present study are to screening the phytochemical compounds and antimicrobial sensitivity of locally available Ocimum sanctum and Swertia chirayita ethanolic extracts. Tulshi and Chirota plants were collected from local market, Chattogram. Both O. sanctum and S. chirayita were submerged in 70% ethanol for a three different time schedules like 7 days, 14 days, and 21 days, respectively. Phyto-chemical screening were done to know the presence of secondary metabolites like alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, phenolic compounds, glycosides, carbohydrates, reducing sugar, protein and amino acid, acidic compound, phytosterol, steroids and terpenes. Three different concentrations of 0.2 mg/µL, 0.3 mg/µL, and 0.4 mg/µL ethanolic plant extracts of were treated against E. coli, Salmonella spp isolated from poultry and Staphylococcus aureus (ATTC -29213) as commercial strain. Of the studied phytochemicals, in Ocimum sanctum extracts, tannins and reducing sugar (day 7), tannins and acidic compound (day 14), and acidic compound (day 21) were absent. While in S. chirayita, saponins, phenolic compounds, glycosides, proteins, and amino acids, acidic compounds (day 7), acidic compounds (day 14), and phenolic and acidic compounds (day 21) of extracts were absent. Anti-microbial sensitivity of O. sanctum extracts at different concentrations was assessed while commercial antimicrobials disc (ciprofloxacin, amoxicillin, enrofloxacin, colistin, and sulfamethoxazole) were also assessed. O. sanctum extracts showed the highest zone of inhibition at 0.2 mg/µl of 14 days against E. coli (7-9 mm), Salmonella spp. (17-19 mm) Moreover, Staphylococcus aureus (14-15 mm) is similar to the intermediary zone sensitivity of ciprofloxacin, sulfamethoxazole, and amoxicillin. Within commercial antibiotics, ciprofloxacin, amoxicillin, enrofloxacin, and sulfamethoxazole were 100% sensitive, whereas colistin was 100% resistant. E. coli showed the highest percentage of sensitivity to antibiotics among other bacterial species included in this study, whereas Salmonella spp. had the lowest rate. In conclusion, we may say that 0.2 mg/ µL of O. sanctum extracts showed an intermediary zone of sensitivity against E. coli, Salmonella spp., and Staphylococcus aureus.
Prevalence of Cryptosporidium and Giardia species infections among children and calves in Chattogram, Bangladesh
Cryptosporidiosis and giardiasis are parasitic diseases that may significantly affect human and animal populations, notably cattle and goats. The zoonotic potential and modes of transmission of these diseases have been the subject of several epidemiological studies. We collected a total of 437 fecal specimens to determine the prevalence of cryptosporidiosis and giardiasis among human and animal populations in Bangladesh. Hence, 200 fecal samples from symptomatic children and 237 samples from calves were gathered from healthcare facilities and cattle farms in the Chattogram metropolitan area. To identify Cryptosporidium oocysts and Giardia cysts, we employed a modified Ziehl-Neelsen acid-fast staining protocol (Z-N stain) for Cryptosporidium and Trichrome staining for Giardia, followed by a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with partial amplification of SSU and tpi gene, respectively. Based on the findings of the modified Z-N stain, the prevalence of Cryptosporidium infection was determined to be 13.5% among hospitalized children with diarrhea, whereas infected calves exhibited the prevalence of 23.63%. However, the SSU gene-based polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method revealed that the frequency of Cryptosporidium infection was 9.5% among hospitalized children with diarrhea and 19.41% among infected calves. Furthermore, Trichrome staining techniques indicated that the occurrence of Giardia in children and calves was 9.5% and 19.41%, respectively. The results obtained from tpi gene-based PCR analysis revealed a prevalence rate of 9% for Giardia infection in children and 10.55% in calves. The findings from this study can be used as baseline for other researchers to perform extensive research on cryptosporidiosis and giardiasis in both human and animal populations.
Synergy of lactic acid and yogurt blends optimizes napier (Pennisetum purpureum) silage by enhancing fermentation quality, nutritional value and field stability
Ensiling fodder is an effective way of preserving forage quality to alleviate persistent feed shortages. We hypothesized that combining an inoculant of lactic acid bacteria and lactic acid in the Napier (Pennisetum purpureum) silage would result in better fermentation quality, efficient dry matter recovery, and increased silage stability under field conditions. Therefore, our objective was to determine the efficacy of yogurt, lactic acid, and their combinations on the yield and nutritional quality of Napier silage. The treatments were designated as T0 (Control) = Silage without Lactic acid + Yogurt; T1 = Silage containing Lactic acid @ 1.00 g/kg; T2 = Silage containing Yogurt @ 10.0 g/kg; T3 = Silage containing Lactic acid @ 1.00 g/kg + Yogurt @ 10.0 g/kg. After 42 days of ensiling, the pH and chemical composition of the silage were analyzed. The lowest (P<0.01) pH and the highest (P<0.01) crude protein content were observed in the Yogurt + Lactic acid inoculated silage. Silages inoculated with either yogurt or lactic acid had higher (P<0.05) dry matter content than the control. However, the crude fiber, ether extract, and ash contents were lowest (P<0.01) in the Yogurt + Lactic acid inoculated silage. It was concluded that combination of lactic acid and yogurt substantially improved the fermentation quality and nutritional value of the prepared silage. It was therefore, recommended that lactic acid and yogurt may help improve silage quality under field conditions.
Respiratory and urogenital tract associated lymphoid tissues in native chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus) of Bangladesh
This study specifies the morphological features and distribution of lymphoid tissues in the respiratory and urogenital tract to establish the impact of chicken age significance on tract-associated lymphoid tissues. The different organs of the respiratory and urogenital tract of 1-day, 30-day, 90-day, and 180-day-old male and female native chickens were freshly taken and stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H & E). The mean of intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs) in the trachea of male and female native chickens has a significant variation in 180 days of age (P≤0.05). The mean of IELs in the lungs of male native chickens has a significant variation with their age (P≤0.05). The mean of aggregated lymphoid tissues in the lungs of male native chickens has a significant variation between 90 days and 180 days of age (P≤0.05). The mean of IELs in the kidneys of both male and female native chickens and ureters only in female native chickens has a significant variation with their age (P ≤ 0.05). The mean of IELs in the infundibulum, isthmus, and uterus of female native chickens has a significant variation between 90 days and 180 days (P≤0.05). A higher number of IELs in the uterus compared to other segments of the oviduct was observed at 180 days of chicken. There was a significant variation in the mean of IELs in the urogenital tract of female chickens from male chickens. There was no significant variation (P>0.05) of aggregated lymphoid tissues based on age in the native chicken. The IELs were in various sizes, from small lymphocytes with little cytoplasm to larger cells with obvious cytoplasm. The aggregated lymphocytes were a distinct, distinguishable structure under bright-field light microscopy. It was in the lamina propria, typically immediately below the basement membrane. The aggregates did not allow for the definite identification of germinal centers. These results suggest that the distribution of lymphoid tissue in the respiratory and urogenital tract of native chickens increases with aging and is relatively high in specific parts of the tract.
Application of various diagnostic techniques for the detection of cystitis in a Persian cat
A 10-year-old male cat, presented with symptoms of bloody urine, off-feeding, and weight loss at the Teaching and Training Pet Hospital and Research Center in Purbachal, Dhaka. Abdominal distention and dehydration were discovered upon clinical examination. To rule in suspected case of cystitis, a blood sample was taken and sent to the lab for evaluation of hematological and biochemical profiles. Additionally, a urine sample was collected for estimation of pH, specific gravity, protein, and a microscopic examination to determine the presence of RBCs. Ultrasonography was performed to investigate the condition of the bladder wall to confirm the diagnosis of cystitis. .Evaluation of the hematology and blood chemistry revealed lymphocytosis (48%), elevated SGPT (92 u/l), and serum creatinine (2.1 mg/dl). Analysis of the urine revealed pH 6.0, presence of leukocytes and blood +, absence of ketone, bilirubin, nitrite and urobilinogen, protein 200 g/l, specific gravity 1.03, and glucose 19 mmol/l. Urine was dense and hazy when viewed macroscopically, and considerable red blood cells were visible when viewed microscopically. Cystitis was definitely indicated by the thickening of the wall observed during the ultrasound examination of the vesica urinaria.
Genetic improvement of poultry: A review on conventional breeding to biotechnological approaches
Biotechnology in animal production is expanding at a quicker rate than plant production. The major goal of this review is to learn about the traditional breeding and many biotechnologies employed in poultry species for genetic improvement. The conventional breeding system primarily focuses on many selection processes, such as selective breeding, and progeny testing. To optimize genetic improvement, molecular genetic techniques must be used in conjunction with conventional poultry breeding procedures. Since a large number of DNA-level genetic polymorphisms have been identified over time, genetic markers have become crucial in the breeding of poultry as they may be used to assess the genetic basis of phenotypic diversity. Artificial insemination (AI) is the most frequently used animal biotechnology in terms of reproduction, genetics, and breeding, allowing for considerable genetic improvement. Molecular DNA markers can also be employed to characterize and protect animal genetic resources, as well as for genetic improvement via marker-assisted selection (MAS). Numerous windows of opportunity for the direct production of transgenic poultry are also indicated by the different stages of germ cell development. This review incorporates current advancements and new insights about poultry production genetic improvement methods, and the ability to alter avian development. Specific alternatives will help to make more informed decisions about the future deployment of acceptable biotechnologies in the poultry sector. At that point, we will be able to confidently state to any audiences that poultry genetic improvement has been accomplished through the use of traditional breeding and biotechnology tools.
Pervasiveness and management status of assorted fish diseases alongside comparison of their health
Fish are the most plentiful and beneficial aquatic animals that enrich human meals with protein, which is critical in maintaining their health and managing illnesses. This entails anything from constructing ponds to determining the incidence of diseases, diagnosing and treating them, providing medication, and other essential operations. The objectives of this study are to assess the health, illness control, and survival rate of aquatic animals in a mixed culture system. To study these facts, data on preventive and hygienic measures, disease and abnormalities, medication, mortality and survival rates in mix culture system were gathered and analyzed for ten different fish species. Compounds such as disinfectants and fertilizers were mostly employed in the preventative protocol, while antibiotics, disinfectants, and oxygen enhancers were the primary drugs utilized for healing diseases. The investigation found the highest frequency of epizootic ulcerative syndrome (EUS) at 29.17%, followed by dropsy, chilodonella infestation, argulosis, gill rot, and hypoxemia. Tilapia, rohu, mrigal, kalbasu, common carp, silver carp, sarpunti, and bata showed higher healthiness that was significant (P<0.05)compared to catla and sutchi catfish. It was concluded that aquatic animal health and disease management is not solely comprised of pond preparation, preventative measures, disease detection, treatment, and good management, but it is additionally impacted by the variety or species of fish cultivated simultaneously.
Anaesthetics and surgical evaluation of splenectomy in calves
Splenectomy is an effective therapeutic procedure for a wide range of medical disorders in humans and small animals, but in calves, splenectomy has mostly been used for experimental purposes rather than surgical affections. Either therapeutic or research purposes, successful splenectomy is very important. Therefore, the objective of the study was to analyze the anaesthetics and surgical efficacy of splenectomy in calves. The study was performed in three calves at Shahedul Alam Quadary Teaching Veterinary Hospital (SAQTVH) (case no. 1), Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University (CVASU) and Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute (BLRI) (case no. 2 and 3), Savar, Dhaka. Under xylazine and ketamine-based general anesthesia, linear infiltration, and/or paravertebral anesthesia with 2% lidocaine hydrochloride, splenectomy was carried out on left flank region specifically parallel and posterior to the last rib. Post-operatively, antibiotics, pain killer, antihistaminic, and topical ointment were given. All calves demonstrated uneventful recovery with specific aftercare at 14th postoperative day. Case no. 1 was euthanized at 15th post-operative day and case no. 2 and 3 managed to survive (230 days) with the history of retardation of growth. The present study suggests that the splenectomy can be successfully performed by just caudal and parallel to the last rib approach under xylazine and ketamine combination with local infiltration and/ or distal paravertebral anaesthesia. Adequate postoperative care also need to be considered as an integral part for successful recovery of the post splenectomy.
Comparative assessment on the clean milk production practices of military farm Chattogram and other selected farms of Chattogram district of Bangladesh
Adopting clean milk production practices has great potential for increasing the quality of milk production. Therefore, this study was intended to evaluate the current practice of clean milk production in the commercial dairy farms of the Chattogram region and compared them with the one practiced at Military Farm Chattogram (MFC). Current study therefore, enrolled, 30 commercial dairy farms of different categories were randomly selected along with MFC. The management data of these farms regarding housing, cleanliness, hygienic aspects of milking persons and animals; and methods of milk production were collected from the farms by using a questionnaire. The pooled milk samples were collected to perform the physical, chemical, microbial test, and somatic cell count to determine the milk quality regarding clean milk production practice. Results revealed that the hygienic management was better in MFC than in the other selected farms. The presence of coliform bacteria was nil in the milk samples of MFC, whereas it was found in 50% of the milk samples of category A, B, and C farms. The average Somatic cell count (SCC) of categorized farms were 238400±4262, 509800±17229, 538000±19549 and 520000±15179 in the MFC, category A, B, and C farms, respectively (p<0.05). Thus, MFC milk was recorded to be comparativelythe best all tested parameters regarding clean/hygienic milk production and standard dairy production practices.
Heterocyclic amines in commercially available ready-to-cook and ready-to-eat foods in Chattogram, Bangladesh
As part of survey of the heterocyclic amine (HCA) contents of available ready-to-cook (meat ball, sausage, bologna, chicken salami, and chicken-samusa) and ready-to-eat (shawrma, beef shikkabab, chicken chap, chicken tikka, fried chicken) foods were collected and were analyzed for heterocyclic amines PhIP (2-Amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo [4,5-b]pyridine) using Ultra High Performance Liquid Chromatography. Results indicated the detectable PhIP in ready to eat samples but not in the ready to cook samples. The highest PhIP concentration was registered in fried chicken (88.3 ng/g), followed by chicken tikka (71.44 ng/g), shawrma (45.52 ng/g), chicken chap (35.17 ng/g) and beef shikkabab (0.16 ng/g). The amounts of heterocyclic amines measured in these ready-to-eat foods revealed that samples prepared for laboratory studies are representative of commonly consumed restaurant samples might pose health hazard and demands further attention.
Surgical correction of recurrent rectal prolapse by colopexy in cats
Colopexy is a surgical procedure to treat recurrent rectal prolapse, in which the colon is attached to the abdominal wall commonly used in dogs and cats. Three surgical techniques were designed to treat rectal prolapse; perianal purse-string suture, colopexy, and rectal resection in our experiment. Purse-string sutures were often unsuccessful unless the condition causing the problem was readily treatable. In colopexy, permanent fibrous adhesion was occurred and recurrent rectal prolapse was maintained. Rectal resection had several postoperative complications, such as stricture formation, incontinence, and dehiscence which were life-threatening. Therefore, colopexy was selected as the final option to correct rectal prolapse, especially in recurrent cases. It was evaluated on four clinical cases of cat suffering from recurrent rectal prolapse admitted in Shahedul Alam Quadary Teaching Veterinary Hospital (SAQTVH), CVASU. Three of them were suffering from constipation, and one had diarrhea for several days with rectal prolapse. Two different colopexy techniques were used to appose the edges of incised colon and abdominal wall. Continuous suture technique was used in two cats and simple interrupted suture technique was used in another two cats. Follow-ups were made weekly on schedule for six months postoperatively, where the cats were totally normal and healthy. Colopexy, using either surgical technique described here, was very much effective in preventing recurrent rectal prolapse.
Surgical correction of penile urethral diverticulum in a Jamunapari crossbred kid: A clinical case report
Small ruminants extremely seldom have congenital urinary system anomalies. However, a variety of defects, including urethral diverticulum, have been documented elsewhere. A five-days old male black bangle-Jamunapari cross-bred kid with about 4 kg body weight was brought to Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Faculty of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Patuakhali Science and Technology University, Barishal Campus, Babuganj, Barishal-8210, Bangladesh. The kid suffered from stranguria and dysuria and a sac-like structure were present in front of the testis. After examination, it was diagnosed as penile urethral diverticulum. A standard surgical procedure was used and the extra part of the penile urethra was excised. A broad-spectrum antibiotic, analgesic and antihistaminic were used for 5 days. Skin sutures were removed after 10 days of surgery. Postoperative follow-up for 15 days showed a healthy kid without any complications.
Evaluation of quality attributes of graduate by employers to develop skilled manpower and ensuring the quality of higher education
Education is the backbone of the nation. The key success and prosperity of the country depend on the skilled manpower or human resource development. Self-evaluation in higher educational institutes (HEI)is necessary for building skill graduates to combat in the competitive labour market and to stable the backbone of the nation. In this regard, a study was conducted to evaluate the quality performances of new graduates by employers or stakeholders passed from a HEI. A total of 17 employers of different categories (private or government) were selected randomly to collect data on the performances such as knowledge, communication skills, interpersonal skills and work skills of new graduates. A survey work was conducted to collect data from the employers with a pre-formed questionnaire during the study period. Each questionnaire contained a range of questions differing in aspect and varies from 3 to 7. Enough time, freedom and explanation were given to each respondent to fill up the questionnaires before collecting data. Data were evaluated from the respondents against the scores set from 1 to 5 scales (1=Poor, 2=Fair, 3= Good, 4=Very good and, 5= Excellent). The result revealed that maximum score (2.82±0.30) obtained in job knowledge of the graduates. Majority employers about 53 % supported that this skill like job knowledge or subject matter knowledge of the graduate is better than that those of IT (35.29%) knowledge and innovative (47.06%) knowledge, respectively. In case of communication skills, and presentation skill of graduate being the highest average score (3.76±0.33), and 41.18 % employers expressed that the quality of presentation skill of the graduate is excellent. Other skills including written (35.29%) and oral (41.18 %) skills were found very good. The results of interpersonal skills (IS) showed that teamwork ability got the higher score (3.24±0.28) and it is supported by 29.41 % employers as good. Other IS qualities of the graduate found very good with respect to motivating ability (41.18%), adaptability (41.18%),, empathy (41.18%), appreciation to ethical values (35.29%), and reliability (23.53%) except for leadership skill (29.41%) being fair category. The data of work skills (WS) reported that discipline of the grad had the higher score (3.29±0.30) and it was supported by 35.29% employers as very good. Time management skill of the grad was found to be excellent as 23.53% employers responded positively for this skill, Other WS qualities like judgment (47.06%), problem solving ability (47.06%), ability to link theory to practice (41.18%), of the grad found very good except for the data analyzing ability (41.18%), and sense of responsibility (29.41%) of the grad being good, It can be inferred from the results that the overall quality attributes of our grad appear to be very good as majority responses of the employers supported positively for this performances including knowledge, communication, interpersonal and work skills were measured in this study. Above all, to make more skilled, competent, qualified graduates or man power, the university should give more emphasis on these qualities improvement of the graduates.
Livelihood assessment of seaweed beneficiaries at Nuniachara, Cox's Bazar
Fishing has been prioritized as the major economic activity of the coastal community and most of them are involved in livelihood earning from a very young age. Though they are primarily engaged in fishing, they are now involved in the recent seaweed culture trend. Seaweed culture is a feasible alternative livelihood for the coastal fishing population. In this study, an assessment of the socio-economic and livelihood status of seaweed beneficiaries was conducted at Nuniachara, Cox's Bazar as seaweed farming is thriving there. The study method included a questionnaire, survey, group discussion and public interview, and the findings revealed that almost 44% of the participants had never been to any school and only 3% had completed their S.S.C. Around 47% of respondents came from large families and most of the beneficiaries' economic status is poor (47%) according to their monthly income but almost 65% agreed that their financial condition has moderately improved after involving in seaweed farming. Despite fishing (78%) being their major occupation for decades, they are now opting for other side jobs during the off-season of fishing, though the percentage is exiguous. Approximately 36% of the respondents admitted that environmental changes along with ongoing airport construction and extension work have a significant impact on their livelihood through capture fisheries. From this study, we can claim that seaweed farming has reached tremendous success in initiating women empowerment; more than 70% of women in this community are involved in seaweed farming and contributing to their family income. This study indicates that it is the high time we took the initiative on seaweed beneficiaries as well as on the livelihood management strategy to mitigate the highlighted ecological and socio-economic difficulties they face.
Prevalence of pet animal diseases at Savar upazila, Dhaka district, Bangladesh: A cross-sectional study
A cross-sectional study was conducted to determine the prevalence of pet animal diseases at Upazila Livestock Office and Veterinary Hospital, Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh. A total of 55 cases of pet animals were recorded during the study period from 8th August 2022 to 6th October 2022. Among 55 pet animals, dogs, cats, and rabbits were 28 (50.91%), 22 (40%), and 5 (9.09%) respectively. Skin diseases were the most prevalent among other diseases in pet animal. The total prevalence of diseases in dogs was 64.28%, among which skin diseases accounted for 32.14%, followed by dog biting at 14.28%, canine distemper (CD) at 10.71%, and infectious canine hepatitis (ICH) at 7.14%. Similarly, the occurrence of skin diseases in cats was noted to be 31.82%, whereas conjunctivitis was 18.18%, and salmonellosis was 13.64%. In rabbits, the prevalence was recorded for skin diseases (60%), and conjunctivitis (20%). The findings of this study provide valuable insights into the understanding of prevalent diseases in pet animals, potentially facilitating the implementation of preventive and control measures.