Libido in breeding bulls: interplay of genetic inheritance, physiological mechanisms, plane of nutrition, and environmental stressors

Abstract

Libido, a critical determinant of reproductive success in bulls, is
influenced by a multifactorial interplay of physiological, genetic,
nutritional, and environmental factors. Understanding these
influences is important for improving breeding efficiency and
ensuring sustainable livestock productivity. This review explores the
physiological aspects, like hormonal regulation, age, body condition,
and reproductive health, that govern libido in bulls. Genetic factors,
including breed variation, inheritance patterns, and the impact of
reproductive traits, are analyzed to elucidate the heritable aspects of
sexual behavior. The nutritional status of bulls, encompassing
dietary energy, protein intake, mineral and vitamin balance, is
discussed in relation to reproductive drive and overall health.
Additionally, environmental factors, i.e., thermal stress, housing
conditions, and social dynamics are examined for their role in
modulating libido. Management practices, including training,
handling, and reproductive planning, are also reviewed, highlighting
strategies to optimize reproductive performance. By synthesizing
current knowledge, this review identifies critical research gaps and
provides practical recommendations for enhancing libido of bull
through integrated management approaches. The implications of
these factors on farm productivity and breeding programs are
discussed, emphasizing the need for a holistic strategy to address the
complexities of bull libido for improving reproductive outcomes.
Implementation of focused strategies in health management,
nutritional refinement, and handling protocols may help producers
establish conditions conducive to healthy libido of the breeding
bulls